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看了一篇Clotilde Th´ery2014年的综述，被她说的概念弄晕了，求大神梳理。
The secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) (i.e., membrane vesicles containing cytosol from the
secreting cells enclosed in a lipid bilayer) is a process that appears to be conserved throughout
evolution (Raposo & Stoorvogel 2013): Cells from different organisms, including all eukaryotes
(from amoebae, Caenorhabditis elegans, and parasites to mammals) but also prokaryotic cells, have
been demonstrated to release vesicles into the extracellular environment. In pluricellular organisms,
EVs have been isolated from diverse bodily fluids, including blood, urine, saliva, breast milk,
amniotic fluid, ascites, cerebrospinal fluid, bile, and semen. The origin, nature, and features of
these vesicles are diverse, and many different names have been used in the literature, referring
to their size [prefix micro or nano: microparticles, microvesicles (MVs), nanovesicles, nanoparticles],
their cell or tissue of origin (prostasomes, oncosomes), their proposed functions (calcifying
matrix vesicles, argosomes, tolerosomes), or simply their presence outside the cells (prefix exo or
ecto: ectosomes, exosomes, exovesicles, exosome-like vesicles). Although the nomenclature is still
a matter of debate (Gould & Raposo 2013), the terms ectosome, shedding vesicle, microparticle,
andMV generally refer to 150–1,000-nm vesicles released by budding from the plasmamembrane
(PM). The term exosome was initially used to name vesicles ranging from 40 to 1,000 nm released
by a variety of cultured cells and carrying 5-nucleotidase activity (Trams et al. 1981). However,
this term was adopted in the late 1980s for small (30–100-nm) vesicles of endosomal origin that
are released during reticulocyte differentiation as a consequence of the fusion of multivesicular
endosomes or multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the PM( Johnstone et al. 1987). A decade later,
B lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) were shown to release similar vesicles of endosomal
origin (Raposo et al. 1996, Zitvogel et al. 1998). Many different cell types of hematopoietic and
nonhematopoietic origin have now been shown to release exosomal vesicles. Most of the studies
using cultured cells have hinted at the biogenetic origin of the secreted vesicles (i.e., their endosomal
origin). However, most cells can probably release both PM- and endosome-derived vesicles.
Thus, although in many studies EVs were named exosomes and were assumed to correspond to
intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of MVBs, solid evidence for their origin is often lacking, because
diverse complementary methods are required, and such evidence is sometimes difficult to obtain.
For example, fusion of MVBs with the cell surface is a very dynamic process that is often difficult
to catch using electron microscopy (EM).
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|Archiver|手机版|外泌体之家 | exosomes & microvesicles
发表于 2015-5-10 10:02:48
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